In the previous article, we have seen that there are four tests of the transformer.
Generally, for this test LPF wattmeter is used because the power factor is at nearly 0.2 lag. The measurements are primary voltage (V1), no-load current (I0) and no-load power (W0). This entire test can be divided into three parts.
2) Open circuit test
3) Short circuit test
4) Sumpner’s test or back to back test
In this article, we will explain the open circuit test
of the transformer.
Open circuit test should be conducted at rated flux in the
transformer core. The rated flux can be achieved by keeping other winding terminals
open and keeping the existing transformer
at rated voltage and frequency.
The objectives of open circuit test are:
a) To find the constant losses of the transformer.
b) To find shunt branch parameters of equivalent circuit R0
and X0.
c) To separate iron losses and find hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss.
This test is conducted on the LV side of the transformer because at LV side low range volt meter
and watt meter are sufficient to conduct the test. Another reason is that the magnitude of the no-load current is more on the LV side. So, we can measure no-load current
more accurately compared to the HV side. Therefore, in most of the cases, this test is
conducted on the LV side of the transformer.
Generally, for this test LPF wattmeter is used because the power factor is at nearly 0.2 lag. The measurements are primary voltage (V1), no-load current (I0) and no-load power (W0). This entire test can be divided into three parts.
1) Find out R0 and X0:
R0 = V1/Iw
X0 = V1/Iu
Where, Iw
= core loss current = I0 cos фo
and Iu
= magnetizing current = Iu sin фo
W0 = No
load power = V1I0cosфo
Cos фo
= W0/V1I0
From the measurement, we have no-load current (I0),
no-load power (W0) and voltage (V1). First, we have to find
Iw and Iu. From the above equation, we
can find out R0 and X0.
2) To find out constant losses:
W0 = losses in transformer under no load
condition
W0 = Iron
loss + dielectric loss + No load primary copper loss
The iron loss and dielectric loss is considered as a
constant loss. The dielectric loss is negligible
in this case.
Iron loss = W0
– I02R1
Now, by test measurement,
we have a value of W0 and I0.
But we don’t have the value of R1. Therefore,
the Kelvin double bridge method is used to
measure the value of resistance R1. In this condition, we neglect the primary copper loss and dielectric
loss. so, watt meter reading during open circuit test is approximately considered
as an iron loss.
3) Separation of iron losses: The iron loss can be
divided into two parts; the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. This test
should be conducted with variable frequency and voltage, in such a way that the
ratio of voltage and frequency (V1/f) remains constant.
The first thing to do
here is to apply rated voltage and rated frequency and note down the reading of
watt meter and frequency meter. After that, apply
to reduce voltage and set frequency in such a way that V1/f ratio remains same and note down the reading of wattmeter and frequency meter.
By repeating this procedure with changes in voltage and
frequency, we can draw a graph for (Wi/f) vs frequency. The find
constant A and B, where A is the y-intercept and B is the slope of the curve.
Now from this you can calculate the hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss at rated frequency and voltage by below equations.
Hysteresis loss at
rated frequency = A x rated frequency
Eddy current loss
at rated frequency = B x square of the rated
frequency.
Wi = Af
+ Bf2
Wi/f =
A + Bf
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